DDP vs DDU: which incoterm should you choose for Asia → Europe imports?

A practical guide to understanding DDP, DAP and DDU and picking the right incoterm based on your e-commerce model, margin and tolerance to customer friction.

You have signed off a pre-production sample with a Chinese factory. The quote says FOB Shanghai, your freight forwarder proposes CIF Antwerp, your end customer expects an "all-inclusive" delivery. Which one should you pick? The answer fits in three letters: DDP, DAP or DDU.